The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo transdermal iontophoresis of various diclofenac sodium polymer  formulations. The excised rat skin, human skin as well as cellulose membrane were used to examine the in vitro drug permeation  whereas the microdialysis technique was used to monitor the drug concentration in vivo. Polymer solutions based on  polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) binary system showed higher drug permeability than that of  single polymer vehicle. The effect of formulations on drug permeation through cellulose membrane was quite different from those  through rat skin and human skin, which can be explained by the different permeation pathways between them. It appeared to be a  membrane-controlled mechanism but not the  ehicle matrix-controlled mechanism for diclofenac hydrogels when using skin as the diffusion barrier. The recovery of diclofenac sodium in the in vivo microdialysis was approximately 80–90%, indicating this technique  can be used in the intradermal drug monitoring. For all the polymer formulations tested, there was a good relationship between the in  vitro and in vivo drug permeation. A synergistic effect on drug permeation was observed when transdermal iontophoresis combined  with the pretreatment of cardamom oil as a permeation enhancer. 

Diclofenac sodium (diclofenac) has been widely used, systemically and locally, as anti-inflamma- tory agent for percutaneous absorption.

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